[Anthroponutriciology: the development of the ideas of the founders of a new scientific direction].

The most outstanding Russian anatomists and anthropologists D.A. Zhdanov and B.A. Nikityuk and the leading nutritionist A.A. Pokrovsky were the founders of the Anthroponutritiology, which arose at the junction of Anthropological Anatomy and Nutrition Science and represented a new stage in the integration of these two sciences. Both Sciences, enriching each other with facts, existing methodology and established traditions, implementing modern innovative approaches, bring the physical and nutritional status of individuals closer to the standard (the "gold standard"). One of the applied tasks of Anthroponutritiology is the identification of the constitutional dependence of morphophysiological characters and determination of anthropological and clinical associations. Solving problems of Anthroponutritiology is a primary public concern, the most crucial state task. This issue is under the mandate of Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology and biotechnology, which implements this new branch of Science.

An introduction to the role of immunology in medical anthropology and molecular epidemiology.

Medical anthropology is a multi-disciplinary approach to the medical sciences and humanities. Immunology is of the basic medical sciences dealing with anthropology as a science which involves in recognition of self and non-self. We performed this review paper to introduce the role of immunology in medical anthropology and molecular epidemiology. This narrative review was based on the authors' original experience and current literature. We discussed about human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their disease associations. Bioinformatics and biostatistics help us to use this topic in evidence-based medicine. Immunogenetics is an important part of the molecular anthropology being a part of medical anthropology in turn. There were different notions of the integration of immunology and medical anthropology including environmental, ecological and cultural effects, historical and philosophical approaches, immunological biomarkers in different patients, and immunogenetics. Such studies can be used in pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine especially for immunotherapy.

[Medical anthropology in Latin America, 1990-2015: A strictly provisional review]. / Antropología médica en América Latina 1990-2015: Una revisión estrictamente provisional.

The article presents a provisional examination of the production of Latin American medical anthropology, especially from Mexico, and to a lesser degree Brazil, from 1990 to 2015, in an attempt to highlight the discipline's principal contributions, orientations and objectives, but also to pose critiques and doubts, especially with respect to the omission of the study of serious collective health problems and processes. The article attempts to put into evidence the importance of the discipline not only for anthropology, but also for biomedicine, suggesting the need for complementation beyond the differences and incompatibilities that exist regarding, for example, the use of qualitative techniques, and interventions -or lack of interventions- regarding the customs of the different social actors with respect to health/disease/care-prevention processes.

Se presenta una aproximación provisional sobre lo producido por la antropología médica en América Latina, especialmente, en México y, en menor medida, en Brasil, entre 1990 y 2015, tratando de señalar sus principales aportes, orientaciones y objetivos, pero también planteando críticas y algunas dudas referidas, especialmente, a la omisión del estudio de graves procesos y problemas de salud colectiva. En el artículo se trata de poner en evidencia la importancia de esta disciplina no solo para la antropología, sino también para la biomedicina, planteando la necesidad de complementación, más allá de las diferencias e incompatibilidades que existen respecto, por ejemplo, del uso de las técnicas cualitativas o de las intervenciones y no intervenciones sobre los "usos y costumbres" de los diferentes actores sociales referidos a los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención.

Salud intercultural en Chile: desarrollo histórico y desafíos actuales / Intercultural health in Chile: historical development and current challenges

RESUMEN En 1992, Chile implementó por primera vez un programa de salud para los pueblos indígenas, el Programa de Salud para Población Mapuche (Promap), cuyo objetivo fue entregar una atención de salud con pertinencia cultural, favoreciendo la complementariedad entre los sistemas médico indígena y el sistema oficial. La versión actual de esa iniciativa - el Programa especial de Salud para Pueblos Indígenas (PESPI) - ha logrado llegar con este enfoque a casi la totalidad de los Servicios de Salud del país. La revisión que el mundo académico ha hecho de estas experiencias, basados en la salud pública o en la antropología médica, se ha centrado en el análisis de las iniciativas llevadas en contextos indígenas rurales, desde el punto de vista de las dificultades que han debido enfrentar y las nociones de interculturalidad en salud que han logrado consolidar. Sin embargo, poco se ha abordado este programa en los contextos urbanos (espacio en que mayoritariamente están ocupando hoy nuestros pueblos indígenas) o desde el punto de vista de las nociones de interculturalidad en salud que implican. Considerando lo anterior, el artículo ofrece una revisión temática de publicaciones científicas nacionales e internacionales acerca del tema, un análisis crítico de los programas de salud intercultural desarrollados en Chile y una reflexión acerca de sus desafíos en el marco de la dinámica indígena urbana.(AU)

ABSTRACT In 1992, Chile implemented for the first time a health program for indigenous peoples, the Health Program for the Mapuche Population (PROMAP), whose objective was to provide health care with cultural relevance, favoring the complementarity between the indigenous medical systems and the official system The current version of this initiative - named PESPI - has managed to reach almost all the Health Services in the country with this approach. The review that the academic world has made of these experiences, based on public health or medical anthropology, has focused on the analysis of the initiatives taken in rural indigenous contexts, from the point of view of the difficulties they have had to face and the meaning of the interculturality in health that they have managed to consolidate. However, little has been said about this program in urban contexts (currently, a space which our indigenous peoples are occupying progresively) or from the point of view of the notions of interculturality in health that they imply. Considering the above, the article offers a thematic review of national and international scientific publications on the subject, a critical analysis of intercultural health programs developed in Chile and a reflection on their challenges in the framework of urban indigenous dynamics.(AU)

Marco socioantropológico de la enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten; presente y futuro / No disponible

No disponible

Antropología médica en América Latina 1990-2015: Una revisión estrictamente provisional / Medical anthropology in Latin America, 1990-2015: A strictly provisional review

RESUMEN Se presenta una aproximación provisional sobre lo producido por la antropología médica en América Latina, especialmente, en México y, en menor medida, en Brasil, entre 1990 y 2015, tratando de señalar sus principales aportes, orientaciones y objetivos, pero también planteando críticas y algunas dudas referidas, especialmente, a la omisión del estudio de graves procesos y problemas de salud colectiva. En el artículo se trata de poner en evidencia la importancia de esta disciplina no solo para la antropología, sino también para la biomedicina, planteando la necesidad de complementación, más allá de las diferencias e incompatibilidades que existen respecto, por ejemplo, del uso de las técnicas cualitativas o de las intervenciones y no intervenciones sobre los "usos y costumbres" de los diferentes actores sociales referidos a los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención.

ABSTRACT The article presents a provisional examination of the production of Latin American medical anthropology, especially from Mexico, and to a lesser degree Brazil, from 1990 to 2015, in an attempt to highlight the discipline's principal contributions, orientations and objectives, but also to pose critiques and doubts, especially with respect to the omission of the study of serious collective health problems and processes. The article attempts to put into evidence the importance of the discipline not only for anthropology, but also for biomedicine, suggesting the need for complementation beyond the differences and incompatibilities that exist regarding, for example, the use of qualitative techniques, and interventions -or lack of interventions- regarding the customs of the different social actors with respect to health/disease/care-prevention processes.

[Medical education and medical anthropology in Europe: the cases of Italy and Spain]. / Educación sanitaria y antropología médica en Europa: los casos de Italia y España.

The aim of this article is to compare the development of health education in Italy and Spain from the point of view of the role played by medical anthropology in both countries. The context is provided by the changes in the concept of health education advocated by the UN technical agencies, especially the World Health Organization and Unesco, during the second half of the twentieth century. Despite their many similarities, Italy and Spain underwent different political evolutions over the last century. Therefore, it is interesting to compare both cases and the influence the social sciences had in health education initiatives. In order to assess the role of medical anthropology, the 1958 launch and the development of the Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italy), which was at the forefront of health education in Europe until the 1990s, was reconstructed through oral sources. After a brief description of the scant initiatives regarding health education existing in the Spain of the dictatorship, the influence of the Perusine anthropologists on Spanish health education during the democratic transition is evaluated.

Educación sanitaria y antropología médica en Europa: los casos de Italia y España / Medical education and medical anthropology in Europe: the cases of Italy and Spain

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el desarrollo de la educación sanitaria en Italia y España desde el punto de vista del papel jugado por la antropología médica en ambos países, en un contexto marcado por los cambios en el concepto de educación sanitaria que propugnaron los organismos técnicos de las Naciones Unidas, en especial la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Unesco, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. A pesar de sus similitudes como países, Italia y España tuvieron evoluciones políticas muy diferentes durante el siglo pasado, por tanto, es interesante comparar ambos casos y la influencia que tuvieron las ciencias sociales en las iniciativas de educación sanitaria. Para valorar el papel de la antropología médica, mediante el uso de fuentes orales, hemos reconstruido la puesta en marcha, en 1958, y el desarrollo del Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italia), que estuvo en la vanguardia de la educación sanitaria en Europa hasta los años noventa. Tras una breve descripción de las escasas iniciativas sobre educación sanitaria en la España de la dictadura, evaluamos la influencia de los antropólogos perusinos en la educación para la salud española durante la transición democrática.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to compare the development of health education in Italy and Spain from the point of view of the role played by medical anthropology in both countries. The context is provided by the changes in the concept of health education advocated by the UN technical agencies, especially the World Health Organization and Unesco, during the second half of the twentieth century. Despite their many similarities, Italy and Spain underwent different political evolutions over the last century. Therefore, it is interesting to compare both cases and the influence the social sciences had in health education initiatives. In order to assess the role of medical anthropology, the 1958 launch and the development of the Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italy), which was at the forefront of health education in Europe until the 1990s, was reconstructed through oral sources. After a brief description of the scant initiatives regarding health education existing in the Spain of the dictatorship, the influence of the Perusine anthropologists on Spanish health education during the democratic transition is evaluated.

Identidad de la Medicina en el pensamiento de Edmund. D. Pellegrino / The identity of medicine in the thought of Edmund. D. Pellegrino

El texto aborda el pensamiento de Pellegrino respecto de la filosofía de la Medicina, su preocupación por los cambios en la relación médico-paciente en Estados Unidos y su aportación al debate sobre la identidad de la Medicina. Con adhesión al aristotelismo-tomista, pero desde un acercamiento fenomenológico al acto médico, el maestro identifica el "fin" de la Medicina y también su límite en la "sanación" y en sus dos momentos, la curación y la ayuda, que incluye el cuidado. La Medicina -la esencia de la Medicina- aboca a la sanación porque es el "bien" al que tiende de suyo la relación entre paciente y médico, que se convierte así en su finalidad. La ética médica germina y nace en el seno de esta relación, en el encuentro clínico como experiencia universal de la enfermedad, el dolor y la limitación humanas. Así pues, la sanación es la esencia de la Medicina y a la vez su identidad genuina. Y la salud en sentido amplio la finalidad a la que aboca la Medicina. Una resolución conceptual que nace en la experiencia de la práctica médica y que se ha de diferenciar del envolvimiento sociológico de la profesión en cada tiempo. Fuera de ella, los actos llevados a cabo no son estrictamente actos médicos. En la doctrina de Pellegrino, de la excelencia del acto técnico de la sanación y en su interior se revela la idea matriz y clásica del "bien del enfermo", como primer principio de la ética médica. El acto médico no es solo un acto técnico, es también una empresa moral, que el maestro vinculará a las llamadas "virtudes médicas". Pero este "bien" no puede ser entendido hoy en los viejos términos hipocráticos, y ha de abrirse a la dignidad de la persona enferma y a su autonomía moral, lo que exigirá de una actualización del concepto por parte del maestro, en base a cuatro clarificadoras aproximaciones que el artículo identifica y sintetiza

This essay addresses Pellegrino's thought on Philosophy of Medicine; it also provides an approach to his concerns on the changing relationship between patients and physicians which took place in the late twentieth century in the United States and, finally, to his contribution to the identity of Medicine debate. From an Aristotelian-Thomist way of thinking, and from a phenomenological approach to the medical act, he identifies the ending of Medicine and also its limits concerning to "healing", in his two moments, curing and helping, which includes caring. Medicine -the essence of Medicine- tends to healing, for this relationship between patient and physician tends to a "good" which ultimately ends up being its finality. Medical ethics germinates within this relationship, the clinical encounter, as a universal experience of illness, pain and humane limitation. Therefore, healing is the essence of Medicine and truly its genuine identity. Besides healing any other act is not strictly medical. From the doctrine of Pellegrino emerges that original and classic idea of "the good of the patient" as the main and ruling principle of medical ethics. Medical act is no longer just a technique –a technical act− but also a moral enterprise, which our teacher relates to the so called "medical virtues". But this "good" may not be understood nowadays in the old Hippocratic terms and should also be related to the dignity of the patients and to his or her moral autonomy. And accordingly an updating of the concept of good is demanded by the teacher who, to this intent, stresses four main aspects which are summoned in the article

Los conceptos de lo Bio en los discursos antropológicos en pacientes con cáncer / Bio concepts in the anthropological speeches in patients with cáncer

Los conceptos de bioética, biopolítica y biopoder foucaultianos constituyen pilares fundamentales en los debates sobre la vida y la muerte, de manera especial, en el mundo occidental. No obstante, esto ha conllevado, a una pérdida de su originalidad conceptual desembocando en una banalización de sus principios, quedando incapaces al momento de describir determinadas situaciones en pacientes terminales, especialmente los que padecen de cáncer. Desde un análisis bibliográfico, se afirma que las vinculaciones entre enfermedad, pacientes y servicios médicos no se pueden sostener exclusivamente desde los discursos foucaultianos, sino que hay que abrirse a nuevos conceptos y autores como Agamben, Baihl, Esposito, Petryna, Rabinow, Rose, entre otros (AU)

The concepts of Bioethics, biopolitics and biopower are fundamental pillars in discussions about life and death, especially in the Western world. However, this has led, to a certain extent, to a loss of originality leading to a dilution of its principles, being unable at the time to describe situations in cancer patients (AU)

[Phenomenological anthropological social psychiatry--paving the way for a theoretical reanimation]. / Phänomenologisch-anthropologische Sozialpsychiatrie--Wegmarken für eine theoretische Wiederbelebung.

This article tries to link the present lack of theoretical discussion within German Social Psychiatry with a loss of phenomenological and anthropological thought. The so-called Phenomenological Psychiatry used to play a very important role in German psychiatry during the 50 ies until the 70 ies and had strong influences on the first reformers of German psychiatry, such as Walter Ritter von Baeyer, Heinz Häfner, Caspar Kulenkampff, Karl Peter Kisker and Erich Wulff. Their reforms were not only founded by a social criticism put forth by theories such as marxism (Basaglia, Wulff) or structuralism (Foucault) but also by a concrete notion of what it is like to suffer from mental illness and what kind of needs are linked to such suffering. This very notion was given by the phenomenological approach. Finally the article tries to give reasons for today's reciprocal loss of connection of the phenomenological and the socio-psychiatric school.

Biomedical techniques in context: on the appropriation of biomedical procedures and artifacts.

On the assumption that technical practices and artifacts are fundamental constituents of individual and collective attempts to order lives and bodies in health and sickness, in this introduction, we set out three central propositions. First, medical techniques have to take center stage in research on biomedicine. Second, as medical artifacts travel worldwide, they become part of the processes of sociocultural appropriation. Third, anthropologists have to consider how to study the transformations associated with such appropriation and how much they need to know about the technical aspects of their objects of study. The mutual transformative potential of both biomedical artifacts and practices and the new contexts of application have so far been undertheorized in medical anthropology--a gap that we aim to close with our reflections and the collection of empirical studies of various biomedical techniques in this issue.

The development of dental research in Argentinean biological anthropology: current state and future perspectives.

The aim of this paper is to conduct a historical analysis of the research-oriented studies related to dental anthropology in Argentina, evaluate its current state and discuss future expectations and perspectives. In this country, anthropological studies based on analysis of dentition have been scarce and even temporarily discontinued, since they began in the late nineteenth century, simply following the course of the predominant theoretical and methodological approaches over time. Early papers, guided mainly by evolutionary ideas, were oriented towards establishing the taxonomic position of humans through the description and comparison of morphological and morphometric aspects of the dental crown and root. Later studies mainly described types of intentional modifications (i.e. dental mutilations) and tooth wear in the context of Historic-Cultural School. However, they failed to constitute valid lines of research over time. In recent years, there has been a significant change in dental studies, mainly as a result of the interest in evaluating the adaptive aspects of human populations within biocultural settings. One of the most relevant lines of studies has been the bioarchaeological analysis of health and stress indicators, such as enamel hypoplasia, caries and tooth wear in hunter-gatherer and farmer societies. More recently, the study of discrete and metric dental traits began, with a goal to contribute to the study of evolution and inter-populational biological relations among South American groups. Since teeth contain valuable information not only about the environment in which the individual lived, but also about the action of neutral and non-neutral factors on human groups, the consolidation of ongoing studies will contribute to knowledge of various aspects of the adaptation and evolution of native American populations.

Current status and perspectives of the development of dental research in biological anthropology of Argentina: introduction and conclusions of the symposium.

This paper describes and discusses the research in the field of dental anthropology in Argentina. It has been presented at the symposium entitled "The development of dental research in Argentine Biological Anthropology: current status and perspectives", coordinated by the authors at the IX National Meeting of Biological Anthropology of Argentina, Puerto Madryn, 20th-23rd October 2009. The aim of the symposium was to present new results and future prospects of this discipline in the country and to create a forum for discussion of current research within this field. Six contributions that focused on the study of teeth from different perspectives and analysed bioarchaeological samples from different areas of Argentina (Central Highlands, Pampa and Patagonia) were presented. After the presentations, a discussion about the state of the art of dental research in the country was generated, in which the need for the generation of methodological consensus on the criteria for the evaluation of the variables considered was stated, so that research conducted in different areas can be compared. In short, the contributions of this symposium provide insights into the diversity of dental anthropology in contemporary Argentina and the potential of these types of studies to gain important information about biological and cultural aspects of the native populations in the country.